Colonization and its Impacts

In addition to this the first wave was caused by the lust for gold, glory, and mercantilism. The second wave had the desire to secure sources of raw materials and to educate and save the native people. The colonization of Africa happened between the 1 ass's and 1 ass's. African societies put up forms of resistance to fight against the attempt to colonize their countries. In despite of the fight, most of Africa had been colonized by European powers. When the European imperialist pushed into Africa it was titivated by three main factors which were social, political, and economic.Africans were used by the Europeans as a source of salves, raw materials, and riches. The imposition of colonialism on Africa would alter its history forever. There modes of thought, and ways of life were impacted by the change. Prior to the â€Å"scramble for Africa,† their economies were advancing in every area, mostly in the area of trade. The colonizing of Africa was to exploit the physical, human, a nd economic resources of an area that would benefit the longing nation. Before the colonization, Africa was not economically isolated from the rest of the world.The African states engaged in international trade and the West Africa had specifically developed extensive trading systems. After Livingston opened African the Western missionaries moved in by the thousands. Benefits of the missionaries being involved were hospitals, colleges, schools, development projects, abolition of slavery, and improved agricultural methods. With all these benefits you would think it was he best thing that has ever happened, but with all these benefits it came with a cost.European colonialism brought many things to Africa to include rails and roads but it also cut brought conflicts in the societies today. When the rails and roads were put up, it cut the African continent up into several administrative units. In doing this it created a drag on its development but with everything going on in Africa the ma in conflicts cannot be blamed on colonialism. The African leaders and their greed to satisfy their riches, their ironies and their families is what puts an impact and conflicts in the world today.

My Ambition in Life Essay

Everybody has an aim in life. Aim or ambition is the inner desire of man. We should be very clear about our aim in life. We may face difficulties in reaching our desired target, but we should not loose focus. For me, to deliver mankind through treatment of poor sick people is my ambition A doctor lives a noble life.He is always at the service of suffering people.A sick man looks at him with the only hope of getting cured.The smiling face of a doctor makes the patient cheerful. A good doctor is respected everywhere. If I become a doctor I will be kind to the poor and the needy people. I will not charge any fee from them.Helping the helpless will be my duty and practice. I have studied biology and I will seat for the competitive tests for admission to a good and reputed medical college.I shall try to be a good and sincere student and then a qualified doctor. I will do whatever it takes to be a good doctor and and will be sincere to it. After becoming a successful doctor, I have plans of setting up a clinic in a village. I never had any desire to narrow and to beco e specialist, a physician, a gynecologist I want to be normal practitioner here, in my own base is the end of my imagination and, though not a specialist in any peculiar area. Although knowing the fact, the income from here would be pretty less, but making money will not be my main aim. Also interpretation all these consequential services, I shall also acquire the capital of subsistence. I vow that I would be loyal to my duty and will give full respect to my job. Days are not far off, I am trying hard to realize my ambition and I wish this dream of mine would be fulfilled.

Juventus FC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Juventus FC - Essay Example won by Juventus would be handed over to Inter Milan who had finished second in the league behind Juventus and in addition to this Juventus were also relegated, which meant that they were supposed to play in the Serie B which is an inferior league for a club like Juventus, the punishment did not stop there, points were deducted for Juventus even in Serie B. The whole scandal was discovered in May of 2006 by Italian police who had tape records of football managers and referees trying to rig football games, AC Milan, Fiorentina, Lazio and Reggina were all involved in fixing the games of the Italian league, these are some of the top clubs in Italy and it was really shameful. The fans must have also felt cheated when they came across this shameful incident. It was found that games were fixed by selecting referees who would favor their clubs, the recorded tapes were heard by the Italian police and it was found out that most games were indeed rigged much to the dismay of all the football fans across the globe. Luciano Moggi who was the general manager of Juventus back then tried to heavily influence the appointment of referees for top Serie A games, he wanted referees who would favor his club so that they would easily win the Serie A title. Once the clubs were found guilty it was earlier suggested by prosecutors that Juventus should be sent to a division below Serie B, the prosecutor also suggested heavy punishment for the other clubs involved which also included points deduction. The prosecutor also wanted Juventus to be stripped of their Serie A titles which they had won in the year 2005 and 2006. The initial punishment suggested by the prosecutor was wavered; Reggina stayed in the Serie A but had to face a 15-point penalty and a hefty fine. The club president of Reggina was banned from the game for a few years but this punishment was just a slap on the wrist compared to the punishment that Juventus received. Juventus were stripped of their titles which they had

World War I and II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

World War I and II - Essay Example The First World War can be attributed to change in distribution of power in the international system and the many alliances which had been formed prior to the war to protect interests of different states (Dickson, 2011). This enabled all the European states to be drawn into the war making it the greatest war ever fought. However, there are many other causes which led and intensified the war. These include; arms race, nationalism, imperialism and militarism among others. The great powers involved in the war included Britain, Italy, France, Germany, Russia, and the Austria-Hungary Empire. The Second World War on the other hand, was as a result of dissatisfaction with the conditions of the peace treaty signed after the First World War and struggle for power by states. However, there are other important factors that contributed to the war such as the great depression of 1930s, the rise of totalitarianism, policy of appeasement, failure of the League of Nations as well as ideologies such as anti-communism, fascism, nationalism, and militarism among others (Dickson, 2011).... eaders followed social Darwinist ideas which view war as â€Å"the only powerful force of nature through which stronger nations prevail over the weaker ones in an international struggle of the fittest.† The international system culture was also that of tolerance to war; disputes between nations were better settled through war rather than negotiation and this created a good environment for nations to wage war against each other in order to maintain or gain power over others. Dickson (2007) argues that the culture of tolerance enabled European powers to assert their power and influence. This is what led Germany to support Austria-Hungary in its quest for war against Serbia after it failed to honour an ultimatum issued by Austria-Hungary demanding justice. Austria-Hungary had severed relations with Serbia as it had a lot of influence on the Balkans hence had long planned to wage war against Serbia. The war was supposed to be small scale but due to the alliance system, the war esc alated to a great magnitude. The alliance system began with Bismarck’s desire to unify Germany with the confederate states hence the war with Austria in the north and France in the south. The two were defeated by Prussia and the confederate states united to form the German empire. The loss of Alsace and Lorraine to Prussia left France yearning for revenge against Germany and was just waiting for an opportunity to attack. Germany’s desire to become a world power led it into acquiring more states and hence needed protection against the other powers. It thus started forming alliances with other powers so as to guard against any attacks from France or Russia. Germany formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary and Russia but Russia withdrew later hence the dual alliance to aid each other in case of

Aufderheide, Defining the documentary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Aufderheide, Defining the documentary - Essay Example Documentaries take the form of an analytical argumentation combined with some educational animation and formal elements. The formal choices in documentaries make them more representative of the importance the content they show. Documentaries lack the natural representation as they are characterized by manipulation of content so as to shape the meaning around what the audience want to know. Documentaries share the narrative convention. They are based on stories with an introduction, body and end. They invest in taking their viewers into an emotional journey by sharing the perspectives of the documentary characters with that of the audience. They also share techniques employed in filmmaking such as editors, musicians, digital designers, cinematographers and sound technicians. Documentaries are governed by the economic context of business realities. Producers strive to make documentaries more appealing to the viewers in order to ensure that the documentary gains audience. This is because the appeal of the documentary is associated with the brand identity of the product in the documentary. Furthermore, sponsors such as the government affect the reality present in the documentaries by encouraging some aspects of the content while discouraging

Virgin Atlantic A Premium Brand Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Virgin Atlantic A Premium Brand - Assignment Example The airline industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. The airline industry is playing a major role towards the growth of the world economy and also helping to increase tourism activities. The concept of high quality and money worthy airline was introduced in 1984. Virgin Atlantic is world’s first luxurious airline established by the founder of Virgin Group, Richard Branson. Virgin Atlantic is headquartered in West Sussex, UK. Nowadays the company is operating globally. For example, Virgin Atlantic provides airline service in countries such as Australia, Caribbean, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Nigeria, South Africa, Dubai, and the USA. At present Virgin Atlantic Airways has a fleet of ten Airbus A330-300s, Four Airbus A340 aircraft, and five Boeings 747. They already have ordered six Airbus A380 aircraft which will be in operation from the year 2015. The company also operates with cargo flights in some countries of the world. Apart from that, the compan y has also entered the hospitality industry in 1984 and launched Virgin Holidays. Virgin Holidays tour and traveling venture that operates in the new Virgin Atlantic routes such as Orlando, Miami etc. Some of the major competitors of Virgin Atlantic are British Airways, Air France, and the Fly Emirates. Presently, the employee strength of Virgin Atlantic is around 9000 worldwide. Last financial year Virgin Atlantic earned  £46.8m revenue while their annual turnover is around  £2m. Virgin Atlantic is acknowledged globally for its excellence in services to the customers and the unique promotional strategy. Through this report, the competitive strategies and core competencies of Virgin Atlantic airline will be uncovered.

Roots of development Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Roots of development - Article Example Development of good institutions are key to continue economic growth as evidenced from the colonial times. Most countries which had favourable geography for the Europeans, benefited from the development of this kind of development. North American and Australia, had better geographical conditions more than African countries and South America hence the different levels of economic developments. Due to the bad geographical conditions in Africa, there was a high mortality rate among settlers, hence utilising the continent as a source for raw materials. They planted institutions during the colonial period bring about the economical differences as seen in the present world. According to the author, government policies have a tremendous impact on the economic growth. This is further supported by the fact that countries with good policies supporting business, are doing well while those that are not are doing dismally terms of economy. Moreover, policies acts as the proxy for institutional development, thus poor policies will deter development of the institutions necessary for rapid economic development. This fact leaves policies as the most fundamental factor determining economic growth in a particular country (Print,

A Critique of Taylor's Concept of Multiculturalism in Relation to Essay

A Critique of Taylor's Concept of Multiculturalism in Relation to Nation Building - Essay Example The society is a framework within which different people interact to create various inclinations and trends which define the culture3. The world is a dynamic place and as changes occur in societies, there are numerous tendencies that makes it impossible for cultures to continue to be transferred from generation to generation. This therefore brings to play the concept of â€Å"cultural survival† which is concerned with the ability of a given culture to stand the test of time that comes with modernisation4. Professor Charles Taylor supports the communitarian school of thought which claims that the idea of individualism evolved as a consequence of some failures in the development of the modern Eurocentric society5. Due to individualism, the risk of cultural survival is now higher than it has ever been in the past. He holds that the replacement of communal structures with individualism is gradually causing the human race to lose important morals and values. As an antidote to this, communitarians believe that the social structures should be rebuilt and this can be done through enhancing different cultures in a given nation. This idea has become popularly known as the recognition of culture. Recognition of culture therefore refers to the respect of people's distinct cultures and allowing different people to practice their different cultures in a given nation. ... Taylor's argument, called the politics of equal respect implies that distinct cultures will have to be respected and allowed to thrive in a nation, even if it comes with wide differences. Theoretically, the recognition of culture means that if people from extremely different ends of the world come together in a given geographical area, they should be allowed to maintain their unique values, irrespective of how different they are. It is therefore obvious that this position of Taylor gives room for a wide diversity of possibilities which cannot go unchecked. In this paper, I examine the key debates of Taylor in relation to the concept of the recognition of differences in cultures. I will critically assess the validity of the communitarian views on the subject by comparing them to counter arguments and criticisms of his ideas. I will utilise various philosophical positions and ideologies of various thinkers and theorists and use them to validate or reject various propositions presented by Taylor and other communitarians. The paper argues that the idea of communitarianism is the best way for the survival of today's society and although there are some inherent challenges in it that threaten to prevent cohesion it is the only viable option in socializing children. The Basis of Taylor's Argument Taylor, in his book Ethics of Authenticity built a strong case against the existing systems and structures in the modern society. He identifies that there are three main 'malaises' or cankers in our modern society that are potentially dangerous to the current society7. The first malaise is the concept of individualism. People tend to have the freedom to decide what is right and choose to do it for themselves. Thus, whatever is convenient to an individual

Impact of slavery on the lives of african americans during the Essay

Impact of slavery on the lives of african americans during the pre-civil period - Essay Example The history of the African-American in the United States during the pre-civil period (1860) has been shaped by â€Å"slavery† that not only shaped the lives of the African-American people but also the identity of the entire American nation since ‘slavery’ as a socio-political and economic institution Slavery as a legal institution had existed in North America for more than one hundred years before the United States was founded in 1776. But it continued in the South until the 13th Amendment of the US Constitution was passed to abolish slavery in 1865. In the United States, slavery was first practiced in Virginia, one of the former English Colony in 1619. Slavery as Accepted in the US Political Sphere: The Slave Codes Slavery in the US Constitution The Abolitionists often claimed that the US Constitution (before the passing of the 13th Amendment) was â€Å"a slave document created by slave owners† (Berkowitz and Moran). Indeed the truth of the abolitionistsâ €™ claim was first revealed in the â€Å"Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787† published by James Madison. Madison’s documents show that US democracy during those years was orientated, not by any humanitarian interests, but by the core political interests of both the Northern and Southern States. The Three-fifths Compromise Since slavery was economically profitable in almost all of the southern States and the pro-slavery southern Delegates wanted to be benefited from â€Å"increased representation in the House and the Electoral College†, the southerners wanted the slaves to be counted for enumeration. Meanwhile the northerners partially driven the contra-slavery motive as well as the motive to reduce the southern dominance, wanted to count only the free inhabitants of the states. Thus the Three-Fifths Compromise came into being declaring that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted. The aftermaths of the Three-fifths Compromise we re such that the southern delegates began to dominate the Presidency and the Congress until the defeat of the south in the Civil War. Such dominance of the southerners further allowed them to manipulate the judicial and political power to exploit the African-American labor and thus the conditions of the African-Americans deteriorated. The 1793 Fugitive Slave Act One of the most mentionable events during the Southern Dominance in the Congress is the passing of the â€Å"1793 Fugitive Slave Act†. Since according to this Act any state including contra-slavery northern ones was bound to return a fugitive slave to its owner, slaves lost even their last escape from the inhuman exploitation of the slave-owners. Though the consequent 18o8 Law stopped international slave trade, interstate slave trade within the national territory continued. The effect of the 1808 Law was in favor of the anti-slavery northern states. Though the subsequent Missouri Compromise in 1820 brought the balance of power between the antislavery and pro-slavery factions of the United States, providing the northerners with the opportunity to dominate the House of Representative, slavery continued in the south. Dred Scott Case in 1854 and its Impacts The Dred Scott Case in 1854 can be considered as a milestone in the history of the African-American slavery in the United States. A close analysis of this case render a picture how slavery had shaped the African-Americans’ lives. The final decision of the Dred Scott Case was: since Scott was a black, he was not a citizen and he did not have the right to sue his master in the court. Slavery: Racism, Discrimination and Second Class Status The Scott Case infers that slavery in the United States had shifted its basis from war to color and from indentured servitude to slavery as a constitution supported practice of discriminating and depriving a group of people from their rights in

Most multinational corporations (MNCs) need not enter foreign markets Essay

Most multinational corporations (MNCs) need not enter foreign markets to face the challenge of dealing with multiculturalism. Explain your answer - Essay Example For the purpose of analysis, the notion of cross-culturalism is explored with Hofstede’s dimensions with discussion of the cases of Wal-Mart and Google to reach to the conclusion that expansion in foreign markets is almost never in the long run interest of multinationals. Research bears witness to the fact that differences in cultures across countries account for differences in management and leadership styles of MNCs today (Gerstner & Day, 1994). In today’s globalized world, it is imperative for MNCs to appreciate and adapt to diversity in cultures and mould their management styles accordingly in terms of cognitive information processing and emotional, behavioral and motivational mechanisms (Earley, 2006). Considering the fact that many developed (western) nations are setting up businesses (as MNCs) in the less-developed (Asian/ Eastern) societies, it is increasingly important for managers to appreciate and understand the differences that exist between the eastern and western societies. Research by Hofstede (1980, 1991, and 2001) identifies key dimensions that account for variation between the Eastern and Western cultures, including masculinity, power distance beliefs, uncertainty avoidance and long term orientation. On one end of the continu um are the Eastern societies that rank high in terms of high power distance beliefs, collectivism, long term orientation and conformity. On the other end lie the Western societies that are more work-oriented, have low power-distance beliefs and are inherently individualistic in nature. Furthermore, increased influence of multinational corporations has given rise to the need for interaction amongst employees and managers of different cultures (Adler, 1983). This has given birth to the concept of cross-culturalism which attempts to examine the attitudes, behavior and relationships across managers (and people in general) of

The Importance of Staff Training During the Recession Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Staff Training During the Recession Essay Most industry experts agree that training and development of staff should not be compromised during the recession even though they may be dealing with cuts to budgets and other cost pressures. This is because a well-trained and skilled workforce will be instrumental in supporting organisations during the downturn as well as after economic recovery and growth resumes. Previous recessions and downturns have shown that cutting down on training and skills development for employees only results in a shortage of talented workers come the upturn. This can greatly affect an organisations competitiveness. In March, a report from the Boston Consulting Group and the European Association of People Management (EAPM) found that cutting back on training was a popular cost-cutting option but warned that it is the least effective in the longer term. Rudolf Thurner, co-author of the report and president of the EAPM, said: Companies should evaluate the strategies deployed by HR executives during the last recession. In this way, they can avoid making similar mistakes all over again. The shortage of skills in the UK workforce is already evident, according to other studies on the issue. A Randstad-commissioned survey published earlier this year found that almost three-quarters of firms in Britain feel that there is a lack of suitably qualified workers in the country. As a result, half of firms are not planning to cut down on their training budgets, regardless of wider financial conditions. Fred van der Tang, managing director of Randstad UK Professional Services, said: Many organisations believe they will still be short of key skills to cope with the recession. There will be an increased emphasis on the provision of training for those with the most potential to make sure that key performers are retained. He added: In such immensely difficult times, it is encouraging that many human resource heads say their boards want to ensure they do not make inappropriate cuts. Cutting back too heavily was a mistake made by many employers during previous downturns, leaving them poorly prepared for the upturn. A recent study by the Chartered Insurance Institute (CII) found that firms in the insurance and financial services sectors are concerned about the level of skills demonstrated by new recruits in the industry. The poll also discovered that many organisations believe that the UK is far behind other countries in workforce skills and must do more if it is to maintain its competitiveness  and emerge as a global leader. Daniel Pedley, public affairs manager for the CII, said: We would certainly advocate not cutting training in times like this. We believe that investing in training now, during a downturn, will help you come up in a better position when the recovery comes. If you invest now you are putting yourself in a much better position for later on down the track.

The Cove Documentary Film Studies Essay

The Cove Documentary Film Studies Essay In order for a high-quality documentary to capture an audiences attention it must tell a story. There are three elements to a good documentary. The first is it has to have a set up, this guarantees that that the audience watching the documentary will become emotionally or mentally invested into the characters portrayed on film. Secondly the documentary has to take the audience on a journey, emotionally or mentally, throughout occurrences in the characters lives. Thirdly there must be an inevitable closing of the film that pays off for the characters and the audience. This is exactly what the director Louie Psihoyos does in the documentary The Cove. The directed Louie Psihoyos is a profound photographer for National Geographic (Psihoyos. The Cove). From this experience he knows that in order for this story to be told, he needs to create a human touch in order to captivate the audience. He does this my presenting Mr. OBarrys story into the film. Mr. OBarry is a former dolphin trainer w ho created the world recognized TV show flipper (Psihoyos. The Cove). By bringing this show into worldwide consciousness and causing it to popularize so drastically, he feels like it is his obligation and responsibility to save and protect the dolphins (Psihoyos. The Cove). Throughout this film it is shown that he will do anything and everything to protect these animals from being brutally murdered by the fisherman in the cove. This film shows an act of heroism and courage, not just from OBarry but also from all the volunteers in this film that put their lives on the line to help end the slaughter of the dolphins. The Cove takes us right behind enemy lines to see the risky and dangerous activities taking place. This is what I like to call an eco-thriller. This cove is not only completely hidden by walls of jagged cliffs, but it is monitored and protected by droves and troops of Japanese policemen. Making the shot to see what is behind all of this almost impossible to capture. Due to the difficulty to find access into the cove, the documentary quickly picks up speed and becomes a thriller. Throughout the film there are bad guys like a man labeled private space, there are chase scenes and secret missions done at the dead of night and a number of investigations done by the Japanese government on the cast and crew of the film. All through this film there are two sides shown; good vs. bad. Almost automatically it is made clear in this documentary that there is a conflict and much resistance to the crews presence in Taiji, Japan. The crew is not only monitored and confronted by the Japanese government, but are as well in threat of being arrested. Which causes much fear and panic for not only the filmmakers, but also the audience watching th e film. Under Japanese law, you can be in jail for many months and even years without a hearing or trial for why you were arrested in the first place. The film sets up like a James Bond movie. The crew plans to go against Taijis authorities and to covertly set up remote control cameras and audio devices that will record and expose what the fisherman in the cove are in reality doing. Due to the use of high-tech equipment, such as underwater and infrared cameras, it not only gives this already unique film a completely new appearance and view of things but as well keeps the audience interested and on their feet by using these high-tech devices. The handheld and thermal cameras produces the audience to feel a part of the danger created by the activists to expose the slaughtering. The director integrates scenes from dolphin shows and smiling dolphins entertaining large groups people. He uses this to show that the smile of a dolphin is much like an illusion, as it hides their real feelings, as OBarry describes in the film. Along with the many film techniques used in the film, the film as well uses many diverse emotions of music during di fferent scenes to highlight the moods felt in the scene, which then incorporates the audience to feel the mood in the certain scenes. Not only music is used in the film but also the sounds of dolphins communicating underwater during the slaughter are recorded. These sounds are played over and over in the film causing the sounds to become somewhat implanted into the audiences head. Due to the high-tech cameras being able to capture the slaughters of dolphins to vividly, the audience sees exactly what filmmakers see, no re-enactments, staging or imagination is needed to know whats happening to the dolphins. In every documentary the view of the director is shown in each interview or camera shot, but the distinction between other documentaries and this one is that the raw footage of the dolphin slaughter can only show the perspective and view of the dolphins not the director. Not only is this film worthy of James Bond but also it encompasses everything like a spy-thriller would. This film causes the audience to root for OBarry, who symbolizes the good guys. Throughout this film the audience is constantly questioning whether the cast and crew will be caught or found out and will have to cease the documentary and their mission to expose the fisherman and the government. Most of all the audience is constantly wondering what will happen to the dolphins. This drama not only uncovers the emotional elements of this film, but also reveals intellectual elements. This documentary is strengthened by documentary evidence such as the coverage of International Whaling Commission conferences, interviews with animal experts, doctors, and politicians. The set up and logistics of the operation in this film, which are captured by high-tech equipment, creates a sense of danger, skill and creativity that resembles that of an adventure film. Not only are the consequences high , spending a year in prison perhaps, but also the film will cause the audience to neither enjoy or miss their next visit to watch dolphins performing at marine land. Many people are uncertain and vary to watch documentaries. Many of there reasons come down to two main reasons. The first is because simply they think they will be boring. The second is that they believe the documentaries will force them to change their minds or reconsider their actions. Ignorance is bliss in some cases may be true, choosing our battles only to sustain our sanity but, in other cases there are things that can be done that will not only better you and people around you but as well the world we live in. The prevention of the slaughter of dolphins might seem like a large and inconceivable task but the answer is simple, make people aware of the problem occurring and stop the demand. This is not a huge sacrifice when comparing to 20,000 dolphins slaughtered each year (Psihoyos. The Cove). But, like most things in life there are two sides and in order to understand one side you must as well study the other side. To somewhat defend Japan and their people; countries like the United States have many practices that could be seen at evil, inhumane or corrupt. The slaughtering of dolphins in Japan can easily be compared to the factory farms and slaughterhouses in the US. Animals like cows, pigs and chickens are treated just as poorly, but we dont think of their deaths as tragic as the dolphins death because they have become domesticated animals that are eaten often and that are no longer wild. When we look at dolphins we relate them close to humans and they as well have large quantities of mercury in their bodies, so Westerners would never think of eating them. Since the cove does not expose the audience to the slaughtering of cows, pigs and chickens, it gives the audience a chance to point fingers at others, like Japan, rather than themselves and issues happening in their c ountry. If a group of Japanese doctors were very concerned about the obesity problem among western children and a documentary film was made about it where they exposed the lies and double standards of the fast food industry, what would probably happen is it would anger and enrage westerners. An example of this is Michael Moore who focuses on issues where he lives, which causes quite the debate. The film directly attacks Japan, not only as a nation, but also on the policies, values and customs, which the Japanese have been brought up on. This is apparently shown in the coverage of Japans whaling policies. Which is a target for the audience to project their own bad feelings onto. The filmmakers created this target by showing footage that would shock the audience and would make them point fingers at Japan rather than onto themselves. Through this the audience was influenced to think and feel a certain way, such as anger, guilt, suspense, and moral superiority. Due to this the audience feels that they are entitled or have a right to attack Japan on what they are doing. A good example of moral superiority in this film is when OBarry sees the Taiji people as barbaric. He says in the beginning of the film, Today they would kill me if they could. Im not exaggerating. If these fishermen could catch me and kill me, they would (Psihoyos, The Cove). As well later on he says, The way th e law works in Japan, they can keep you in jail with no charges for 28 days. 90% of the convictions in Japan are obtained by confessions during those 28 days because they can torture you legally (Psihoyos, The Cove). The whole reason for saying these things is to portray the Japanese in a bad light and to characterize them as uncivilized. The fact that in the US the murder rate is 8 times high than in Japan is ignored. Clearly this objective of this movie is not to be necessarily fair. Only the facts that suit the filmmakers ideas, values and thoughts are used. Most of this manipulation is done not only so the directors view will be dominant, but that more money will be made and thus the better for Hollywood. If this movie were attacking Americans as well, there would much less of a demand or want to see this film. Due to this film becoming so popular in the entertainment industry the cove have used this to their advantage by creating a PSA (public service announcement) to raise awareness on the Dolphin slaughter in Taiji (The Cove PSA). This PSA feature a wide cast of celebrities including Jennifer Aniston, Courteney Cox, Ben Stiller, Robin Williams, Naomi Watts, Paul Rudd, James Gandolfini, and many more (The Cove PSA) . In this day many actors, musicians and filmmakers associate themselves with causes like this one in order to help their career and to market themselves. Much of activism done today is a type of entertainment. Instant gratifications are in favor rather than objective or balanced views. For self-serving people like some of these celebrities, the causes they speak about are no more than a fashion statement to boost their careers and identities. It seems that the more you can relate something to yourself or the greater the similarity, the more you feel like it deserves to be treated the same as you. This is one of the reasons why we respond so strongly to seeing the slaughtering of dolphins. This is a way of people reacting to their own self-preservation. The attitude of  Youre either with us, or against us  manipulates people by forcing them to rush to judgment for fear of being labeled as against them and by the use of this manipulation, for good or bad. The images of the film and the actions of the audience are often disconnected because, ecologically, problems tend to be so big any given person feels powerless. But  The Cove  breaks all of these conventions by using high-quality, high-budget techniques to bring the audience to a conclusion. The Cove does a good job of building up the moment of when the dolphins are slaughtered; infusing education and intensity into the preceding frames, but you simply cant be pre pared to see exactly what happens inside the natural cove. By using all the Hollywood cameras and equipment the most powerful scene in the film is when an underwater camera, showing the waters turning instantly red from all of the dolphins blood. While most of the better socially conscious documentaries are forced to look at a tragedy with years of hindsight,  The Coves issues are happening as we speak. This is a film that screams of the present urgency to do something, which makes viewers like us want to get involved. The Cove successfully stays with the audience long after the credits, due to its raw reality.

Electromagnetic Radiation Features

Electromagnetic Radiation Features 2.1 Electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic radiation consists of waves of electric and magnetic energy oscillating through space at the speed of light (OET, 1999). The electromagnetic spectrum is an arrangement of various electromagnetic energy in the forms of particles and waves. These form of energy are characterized by frequency and wavelength. The wavelength is the distance per seconds covered by an electromagnetic wave, while the frequency, the number of oscillation of electromagnetic waves for one second. Figure 2.0.1 bellow shows an electromagnetic spectrum. Figure 2.0.1. Electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum shows the arrangement of electromagnetic sources based on their frequency and wavelength. Below is Table 2.0.1 which describes the radiofrequency sources and their allocated bands and frequency ranges. Table 2.0.1. Characteristics and frequency bands of radiofrequency field sources Band Description of signals Frequency range FM Frequency Modulation 88’108 TV/DAB Television (analogue) DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) 174’223 TETRA Terrestrial Trunked Radio 380’400 TV Television (analogue and digital) 470’830 GSM DL Global System for Mobile Communications from base station to mobile phone 925’960 DCS DL Digital Cellular System 1,805’1,880 UMTS DL Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service 2,110’2,170 Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity, IEEE 802.11 standards 2,400’2,500 The most important application of electromagnetic energy is in the use of radio broadcasting, mobile telephony, microwave application and satellite communication as reported by Kelly (2011). Others include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Microwave ovens, radar, industrial heaters and sealing (Kelly, 2011). 2.2 Radio waves Radio-frequency (RF) is a part of the arrangement of electromagnetic energies in terms of their frequencies from 3 kilohertz (3 kHz) to 300 gigahertzes (300 GHz) (Kelly, 2011). Radio-transmitters are devices that serve as transducers for converting electrical current into electromagnetic waves. The knowledge of the presence of electromagnetic field was first discovered as far back as 1887 when a Physicist proved experimentally that electromagnetic fields can be produced and detected in space. This phenomenon was predicted three years earlier by Clarke Maxwell (1831-1879). A radio transmitter communicates with a receiver via radio waves when electric charges moves up and down the transmitters antenna and are detected when the electric charge oscillate up and down a receivers antenna. In the process, when the charges moves, they produce magnetic fields. The resulting changing electric-magnetic fields (electromagnetic waves) are able to travel long distances through an empty space (Vacu um). The ability of a transmitter to send signal to a receiver or another transmitter nearby depends on the oscillation of the charges up and down its antenna at a particular resonant frequency. 2.3 Characteristics of radiofrequency (RF) antenna There are a number of physical parameters and principles that define the type of wave and intensity of the radio waves generated and broadcasted into the environment. These parameters are relevant in understanding the behavior of the antennas. These are the antenna element, element array, gain or directivity, radiation pattern, radiation intensity, beam-width and power density. 2.3.1 Antenna Elements The antenna element is a basic unit of the antenna. They may exist as individuals or as a group of elements. There are three most common types: dipole, monopoles and loop. A dipole antenna is most commonly a linear metallic wire or rod with a feed point at the center. It has two symmetrical radiating arms. A monopole antenna on the other hand has a single radiating arm. A number of authors have performed calculation and measurements on the pattern generated by these field on mobile handset in air and also against the head (Jensen Rahmat-Samii, 1995) ; (Okoniewski Stuchly, 1996) and (Lazzi, 1998). Other works on wireless devices such as cellular telephones using monopole antenna has also being reported in literature (Luebbers, 1992). An interesting application of loops is the wireless telemetry for medical devices and used for the first pacemaker (Greatbatch Holmes, 1991). 2.3.2 Antenna Arrays To yield a highly directive patterns, multiple antennas or elements can be arranged in space, in various geometrical configurations to yield a pattern (Stutzman Thiele, 1998); (Bucci, Ella, Mazzarella, Panariello, 1994) ; (Balanis, 2005); (Elliott, 2003) and (Mailloux, 1994). This antenna configuration are called arrays. The field from an array can add constructively or destructively in others. When well-engineered, the array can be used to control the beam by changing the phase of the excited currents of the individual elements (Elliott, 2003) ; (Dolph, 1946) ; (Safaai-Jazi, 1994) and (Shpak Antoniou, 1992). By so doing, an optimum radiation beam can be generated. The geometry of the arrangement of the element also affects the performance. Other factors are distance between the elements, amplitude of the excited currents, phase excitation and radiation pattern. 2.3.3 Directivity and Gain Another parameter used to describe the directional properties of an antenna is the directivity or gain. The directivity of an antenna, is a figure of merit that quantifies the antenna directive properties by comparing them with those of a hypothetical isotropic antenna that radiates the same total power as the antenna being characterized. Antenna such as dipoles and loops generates omnidirectional pattern, (McDonald, 1978) and (Pozar, 1993) derived a formula for such. The gain of an antenna is a measure that takes into account the efficiency of the antenna as well as its directional capabilities. The total antenna efficiency accounts for losses at the input terminals and the structure of the antenna due to reflection, conduction and dielectric losses. 2.3.4 Radiation Pattern       Besides the parameters described above, the radiation pattern is the property used to describe the resulting shape of the beam generated. Radiation or an antenna pattern is a mathematical function of the antenna that describe the space coordinates (Balanis, 2005). The main beam is the region where the radiation is strongest and the other directions forms the side-lobes. The half-power beam width is the measure of the direction of maximum radiation. The beam width or Half-Power Beam width (HPBW) is the width of the power pattern at the location where the beam is 3 dB below its maximum value (half-power points) or the location where the field is 1/Ã… ¡2 of its peak. It is often used as a trade-off between it and the side lobe level (The ratio of the radiation intensity of the largest side-lobe to the maximum radiation intensity). The HPBW varies inversely as the side lobe level. The most common resolution criterion states that the resolution capability of an antenna to distinguish betw een two sources is equal to half the first-null beam width (FNBW/2), which is usually used to approximate the half-power beam width (HPBW) (Kraus, 1996) and (Kraus Marhefka, Antennas, 2002). 2.3.5 Polarization Furthermore, the generated wave can oscillate up and down, left and right or characteristic between these. These behavior describe the kind of polarization the wave exhibits. Polarization of a radiated wave is defined as that property of a wave in a time-varying direction and relative magnitude of the electric field vector. In general, however, when the shape of the electric field appears in the form of an ellipse, the polarization is described as elliptical. When the shape appear linear or circular, the polarization is described as such. The polarized radiated wave by the antenna can also be represented on the Poincares sphere (Balanis C. A., 1989) ; (Poincar ´e, 1892) ; (Deschamps, 1951) and (Bolinder, 1967). 2.3.6 Radiation Intensity Another important property of the antenna is the radiation intensity. The radiation intensity is the power radiated per unit solid angle subtended by the antenna. It is the property of the far field. The radiation intensity is obtained by multiplying the density by the square of the distance. The power pattern is also a measure of radiation intensity. To be able to obtain the total power density, one need to integrate the radiation intensity. 2.3.7 Power Density Finally, the radiation power density describes the power associated with an electromagnetic wave. The power density is the total power crossing a closed surface by integrating the normal component of the Poynting vector over the entire surface. 2.4 Electromagnetic field around an antenna An electromagnetic field is the region created around a source of electromagnetic radiation. An antenna is a device which changes electrical charges or current into electromagnetic waves into space. The distribution of RF energy from an antenna was found from literature to obey a directional pattern and varies with distance from the antenna. The fields created around an antenna can be grouped into two: 2.4.1 Near Field The near field is the region around an antenna such that; the electric and magnetic fields are decoupled, quasi-static and are not uniform. And the impedance which is the resistance in air and the power associated with the field varies with distance. 2.4.2 Far Field The far field on the other hand have plane fronts which do not depend on the shape of the source but rather unchanging. The radiated power decreases inversely with distance from the antenna theoretically. The electric and magnetic fields are uniquely defined by approximately a constant impedance of the medium. Figure 2.0.2 below illustrate the field regions around an antenna. Figure 2.0.2. Electromagnetic field regions around a typical antenna 2.5 Advances in field modeling A modeling is a good approximation of a problem to a real world solution. There are various mathematical modeling methods available in literature to date (Sarkar, Ji, Kim, Medouri, Salazar-Palma, 2003) ; (COST-231, 1999) and (Correia, 2001). Extensive theoretical and experimental research on electromagnetic field Levels has been carried out and reported in literature (Lin, 2002) ; (Cicchetti, 2004) and (Nicolas, Lautru, Jacquin, Wong, Wiart, 2001). Currently, the studies in electromagnetic fields can be grouped into two dominant channel modelling approaches: theoretical and empirical (Rappaport, 2002). While theoretical models depend on the knowledge of the physical laws of the wireless channel, such as the electrical properties of the ground, empirical models are based on actual radio frequency (RF) measurements of wireless channels. Furthermore, one can regroup it into Monte Carlo, Empirical and Physical models (Rappaport, 2002). Monte Carlo method are statistical in nature and m ake use of statistical and distribution functions such as channel characteristics of radio-transmitters and ray-optics. (Okumura, Ohmori, Kawano, Fukuda, 1968) Found out from measurement that for a situation where one cannot have a line of sight with the transmitter, the fading (attenuation) of the received voltage approximates relay distribution. Okumura also developed a correction factor to be used together with the data to correct for the field strength. When Okumuras measured results were averaged, the results showed properties of a lognormal distribution. (Okumura, Ohmori, Kawano, Fukuda, 1968) And (Mogensen, Eggers, Jensen, Andersen, 1991). The style of settlement and nature of buildings also affect the propagation of the radio waves when traveling from a source into the environment. Also random variation of building also contributed to loss of propagation of the waves. Some earlier work suggested that radio waves propagates over buildings and are diffracted down to street levels (Parsons, 1992). To be able to obtain reliable statistics, a lot more of measured data was required. Diffraction is when the path of the beam is obstructed by surface of irregular shape edges. Diffraction methods were developed and used to account for diffractions at rooftop (Ikegami, Yoshida, Takeuchi, Umehira, 1984). Variations in building height contributed to the shadow loss of propagation over low buildings. The most general approach uses numerical integration of physical optics integrals (Walfisch Bertoni, 1988) and (Bertoni, 2000). Measurement has shown that Monte Carlo methods need to consider the effect of trees (Mogensen, Eggers, Jensen, Andersen, 1991), (Rizk, Mawira, Wagen, Gardiol, 1996), (Vogel Goldhirsh, 1986) and (LaGrone, 1977). Trees are able to attenuate the signal to the order of 10 dB (Vogel Goldhirsh, 1986). The Monte Carlo methods even though are good when adequate measured data is used, suffers from modifications to the buildings and terrains and are very expensive to carry out. Empirical methods make use of information gathering on the basis of systematic experimentation instead of making use of logic or mathematics. The empirical model uses extensive measured data and analysis tools to formulate relationship between parameters of interest. Measurements have shown that a simple two-ray model consisting of the direct and the ground-reflected ray was sufficient to predict the path gain (loss) for propagation over a flat earth (Rustako, Jr., Owens, Roman, 1991) and (Xia, Bertoni, Maciel, Lindsay-Stewart, Rowe, 1993). Reflection occurs when the wave from a source hit an object whose dimension is large as compared to the wavelength of the wave. The path loss represents the signal attenuation in decibel (dB). The path loss is the difference between effective transmitter and receiver power. Most published work concerning outdoor propagation depends on free space and two-ray models (Pande, Choudhari, Pathak, 2012), (Willis Kikkert, 2007), (Neto, Neto, Yang, Gl over, 2010). The free space model assumes that both transmitter and receiver, use line-of-sight communication with no obstruction or reflection of any form. The free space model obeys the relation: (2. 1) Where f is the frequency in MHz and d is the separation distance between the transmitting and receiving antennas in meters. The receiver power has been found to falls off as the square of the transmitter-receiver separation distance. The receiver power decays at the rate of 20dB per decade. When the effect of ground ray reflection is considered, a Plane Earth model was used. The model is given as: (2. 2) Where d is the distance as above and and are the elevations of the transmitter and receiver heights in meters respectively. The separation distance (d) in this model is assumed to be much larger than and .In our real environment today, there are obstruction everywhere and the propagation of the electromagnetic waves are affected by it (Mao, Anderson, Fidan, 2007). The radio signals in our environment are attenuated by reflection, diffraction and scattering. Scattering occurs when an object in a medium are smaller as compared to the wavelength of the incoming wave. To be able to account for location characteristics and the impact of vegetation, it was found in literature that the average signal power decreases logarithmically with distance (Rappaport, 2002). To be able to estimate the path loss due to real world approximation, a log-distance model was developed. The average path loss for a typical distance between a transmitter and a receiver can be represented as an expression of distance by using the exponent n. The path loss is given as (Liao Sarabandi, 2005): (2. 3) Where is the path loss in dB at a reference distance and n is the path loss exponent that represent the rate of the path loss decrease as a function of distance. The value n also characterizes the propagation environment. Table 2.0.2 below summarizes the characteristic of the exponent n in the environment. Table 2.0.2. Characteristics of typical propagation environments Environment Path loss exponent values (n) Free space 2.0 Urban area, cellular radio 2.7 to 3.5 Shadow Urban cellular radio 3.0 to 6.0 In-buildings, line-of-sight 1.6 to 1.8 Obstructed in buildings 4.0 to 6.0 Obstructed in factories 2.0 to 3.0 The reference distances from research was taken to be between 100 m to 1 km depending on the height of the transmitter. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) recommended that in a situation where majority of the signal propagates through trees or vegetation, the ITU-R model can be used (Rappaport T. S., 1996). (2. 4) Where the frequency used was between 200 MHz and 95 GHz. One of the most important fully empirical prediction method was conducted by (Okumura, Ohmori, Kawano, Fukuda, 1968). Okumuras method was based entirely on an extensive measurement in Tokyo city. Okumura developed a set of curves given the median attenuation relatively to free space in the urban area over a quasi-smooth terrain. From these curves, Okumura deduce from the graphs a simple power law which was a function of the environment and it characteristics. The model was applicable to frequency range between 200 MHz and 2 GHz and covers a distance of 100 km. Okumuras data was further modified by (Hata, 1980) who made it into a series of graphs. However, other methods disagree with the predictions of the Okumuras methods. Others have also tried to improve the method by applying building density (Kozono Watanabe, 1977) but was rejected by the scientific community. The Okumura-Hata model, together with related corrections was found to be one of the most common and single model used in designing real systems. Lee in 1982 came out with a power law model which was based on measurement and takes into account the variation in terrain (Lee, 1982). The model was environment specific because it was based on the assumption of the characteristics of the environment. It will be very difficult to tell which environment characteristics one need to use since the environment varies from one country to the other. Even though empirical method was easy to implement and their ability to include all environment-related factors that affect the propagation of radio waves in practice (Rappaport T. , 2002), they suffer from parameter ranges; the environment must be classified which may vary from one place to the other .the method also do not provides insight into propagation mechanism and analytical explanations. The Physical model method attempt to produce deterministic field strength at specified points. (Ikegami, F.; Takeuchi, T.; Yoshida, S., 1991). The model makes use of characteristics of the environments, physical optics and other theories to account for the intended parameter of interest. A careful assessment of the exposure of urban populations to electromagnetic fields requires the use of deterministic models that take into account the interferences caused by the buildings in the propagation of the field. Deterministic models were developed to account for terrain in the absence of buildings based on geometric theory of diffraction (Bullington, 1977), (Luebbers R. J., 1984) and (Lampard Vu-Dinh, 1993). Other methods such as parabolic equation method (Janaswamy Andersen, 1998) and (Levy, 1990) takes the detail terrain profile into account. The method uses detail map of an area taking into consideration building configurations and using a ray optics to trace the waves. There are 3-D (three dimensional) ray tracing models that are able to accurately estimate site-specific propagation situations (Catedra, Perez, Saez de Adana, Guiterrez, 1998). Although it accounts reasonable well for close in variation of field strength, it suffers from unrealistic assumptions, theories and underestimate in some cases (Saunders, 1999). Other works also uses numerical methods such as method of moments (MOM) to analyze the electromagnetic field of antennas (Johnson, Shin, Eidson, 1997), (Wanzheng, Yan, Anmin, 2000), (Povinelli DAngelo, 1991), (Lou Jin, 2005) and (Tofani, dAmore, Fiandino, 1995). However, these Methods require higher mathematical and programming skills such as large sparse matrix solution as well as more computer resources such as larger memory and multiple CPUs than the analytical method (Johnson, Shin, Eidson, 1997). A semi-analytical treatment has been carried out for cases where the horizontal separation between the base station and first row of building s is knownand all the buildings are of the same height (Xia, Bertoni, Maciel, Lindsay-Stewart, Rowe, 1993), (. Bertoni Maciel, 1992). From the above analysis, it was evident from literature to date that there is no one method which will be able to predict accurately well and also help us understand and make meaning of the physics involved in the process of study. This research work focuses on the need for a hybrid model (Semi-Empirical) which will achieve a good level of accuracy and also help us understand the physical interaction of the parameters involved and also serve as an advancement on this field. 2.6 Advances in measurements The natural electromagnetic energy comes from terrestrial and extra-terrestrial sources such as electrical discharges during thunder storms in the atmosphere and radiation from sun and space. It is of interest to note that the blackbody radiation from a person in the RF-band is approximately 3 mW/m2. The man-made source originates from mainly telecommunication and broadcasting services in the environment. There are several methods developed to assess the electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposure level in literature. One of them was the use of a personal exposure measurement methods (Viel, Cardis, Moissonnier, Seze, Hours, 2009), (Urbinello, Joseph, Huss, 2014), (Bolte Eikelboom, 2012), (Urbinello, Huss, Beekhuizen, Vermeulen, Rà ¶Ãƒ ¶sli, 2014), (Radon, Spegel, Meyer, 2006) and (Frei, Mohler, Bà ¼rgi, 2009). Another method is the used of stationary measurement approach (Bà ¼rgi, Frei, Theis, 2010), (Calin, Ursachi, Helerea, 2013), (Pachà ³n-Garcà ­a, Fernà ¡ndez-Ortiz, . P aniagua-Sà ¡nchez, 2015), (Ozen, Helhel, Colak, 2007), (Korpinen Pà ¤Ãƒ ¤kkà ¶nen, 2015) and (Verloock, Joseph, Goeminne, 2014) where measurement is made at a define period of time such as 6 minutes averaging. The 6-minute averaging time comes from the time constant for the thermoregulation of the body (ICNIRP, 1998) to occur. FM and TV broadcast transmitters, GSM and UMTS base stations are important sources of RF EMF in terms of exposure level in the environment. In general, FM and TV broadcast transmitters were installed in places far off distance from the city center in the past but in todays world, they are installed within our communities. In 1980, Tell and Mantiply published a study of RF fields measured at 486 sites across 15 major metropolitan areas in the USA which at that time, accounted for nearly 20 % of the nations population of 226.5 million people (Tell Mantiply, 1980). The measurements covered the low VHF TV (54-88 MHz), FM radio (88-108 MHz), high VHF TV (174 -216 MHz) and UHF TV (470-806 MHz) bands. They reported a median wideband time-averaged field level of 0.005 mWcm-2, with an estimated 1 % of the population exposed to fields with power densities of 1 mW cm-2. In addition, the fields from FM radio broadcasts were clearly dominant over the fields from the other three bands. Typically for High-power broadcast transmitters, the effective radiated power (ERP) was 250 kW per channel for FM radio and 500 kW per channel for television. The antennas were mounted towards the top of a 300 m mast. For medium-power broadcast and telecommunications transmitters, the transmitted powers were in the region of 100-200 W per channel. The exposure to the general public was very small relatively to people living in the immediate neighborhood of medium and short-wave stations (Jokela, Puranen, Gandhi, 1994). People working in FM and TV towers which are near to high power FM or TV broadcast antennas were exposed to high levels in the range of 50 to 800 MHz (Jokela Puranen, Occupational RF exposures, 1999) and (Hansson-Mild, 1981). Other studies have been carried out in the domains of exposure field measurement by (Viel, et al., 2009a), (Viel J. , Cardis, Moissonnier, R., Hours, 2009b) and possible consequences of human exposure to such fields(Hossmann Hermann, 2003). A study of ambient RF fields conductedmostly outdoors in Gothenburg, Sweden reportedan average wideband power densities of between 0.04and 0.05 mW cm-2 (Ahlbom, Feychting, Hamnerius, Hillert, 2012).European studies reported generally, in the five-country analysis, the totalexposures were lowest in the urban residential environment(range of means 8.5E-03 to 1.45E-02  µW cm-2). The results for a set of African countries was qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the results of RF measurement surveys conducted in the Americas, Europe and Asia (Rowley Joyner, 2012) where the global weighted average was 0.073 mW cm-2. The mean for the selected South Africa n data set was 0.016 mW cm-2. Some of the conclusion drawn was that the signal strengths for the cellular bands was unchanging in both time and across countries. Even though introduction of 3G and 4 G services are on the increase, the field levels are log-normally distributed and more data points makes the FM signal strengths relatively constant. In addition to these findings, several studies have reported that residential (and outdoor) fields from broadcast and cell downlink sources are lower in rural areas compared with fields in urban and suburban areas (Breckenkamp, et al., 2012), (Viel, et al., 2009a) and (Joseph, Vermeeren, Verloock, Heredia, Martens, 2008). Cancer has been the primary concern among populations in the immediate vicinity of broadcast transmitters. Scientific evidences point toward heating effect from high levels of exposure, and most safety limits are based on it. Among these are the exposure limits proposed by the International Commission for Non-Ionizing Rad iation Protection (ICNIRP) (ICNIRP, 1998) or Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (IEEE, 2005) to prevent such effects (WHO, 2006).There is little scientific evidence on the risks associated with long-term exposure to low levels of RF EMF (ICNIRP, 1996). In 2012, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified RF EMF as possibly carcinogenic (Group 2B), based on studies on mobile phone usage (IARC, 2012). Mobile phone usage has increased tremendously, with about 6.8 billion subscriptions by the end of 2013 (ITU, 2013) and nearly 7 billion cell phone subscribers in 2014 (ITU). Statistics show that as at May 2008, the number of mobile phone users in Ghana was well over 8 million but as at the end of January 2016, the number of mobile phone users in Ghana rose to 26.09 million, according to the latest figures from the National Communications Authority (NCA). Urban areas are mostly affected by the over population of Base Station Transceivers (BTSs). Their closeness to homes and schools are raising concern about some health risks that might be associated with them (Khurana, et al., 2010). Numerous studies have demonstrated that a very significant part of the human exposure in the radiofrequency (RF) band is due to mobile communications radiation (Bornkessel, Schubert, Wuschek, Schmidt, 2007), (Genc, Bayrak, Yaldiz, 2010), (Joseph, Verloock, Goeminne, Vermeeren, Martens, 2010), (Kim . Park, 2010), (Rufo, Paniagua, Jimenez, Antolà ­n, 2011), (Joseph, W.; Verloock, L.; Goeminne, F.; . Vermeeren, G; Martens, L., 2012a), (Joseph, W.; Verloock, L.; Goeminne, F.; Vermeeren, G.; Martens, L., 2012b), (Rowley . Joyner, 2012). The maximum output powers of a radio channel used in GSM and UMTS networks are 10-40W and 20-60 W, respectively (Koprivica, Neskovic, Neskovic, Paunovic, 2014).It has been shown t

Dr. Jeffrey MacDonalds Fight for Innocence Essay -- Dr. Jeffrey MacDo

Dr. Jeffrey MacDonald's Fight for Innocence Debated as one of the most misrepresented cases in American legal history, Dr. Jeffrey MacDonald still fights for innocence. Contrary to infallible evidence, prosecution intentionally withheld crucial information aiding MacDonald’s alibi. Such ratification included proof of an outside attack that would have played a major role in Jeffrey’s case. Convicted for the murders of his wife and two kids, thirty-four years ago, Dr. MacDonald still endures the agony of being accused of killing his family. Even after twenty-four years of imprisonment and several unlawful court hearings, additional documentation continues to up hold Dr. MacDonald’s testimony. It happened on a rainy night on February 17, 1970 at the base of Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Military police were responding to a call from Green Beret surgeon Dr. Jeffrey MacDonald, which they thought was a routine call. When the military police arrived they discovered the slaughtered bodies of MacDonald’s wife, Colette, who was twenty six, and his two daughters Kimberley, five, and Kristen, two. A MP who preformed mouth-to-mouth resuscitation revived Dr. MacDonald. He told the police he and his wife stayed up drinking some orange liquor. She went to bed and he stayed up to finish watching the Johnny Carson show. MacDonald fell asleep on the sofa. He was awakened by screams of his wife and daughters. MacDonald claimed that three men standing over the sofa started to attack him with a bladed weapon and a baseball bat. He identified the person holding the bat as a black man with an army jacket with E-6 stripes and two white men, one carrying the bladed weapon. Before he was knocked unconscious he said that there was a lady in the back with a large floppy hat, holding a candle and was saying â€Å"acid is groovy† and â€Å"kill the pigs.† When MacDonald woke back up he found his wife lying on the ground, and tried to revive her with mouth-to-mouth resuscitation with no success. He then found his daughters and tried to help them. This is when he called for an ambulance. The Army CID sent a new, inexperienced investigator named William Ivory to investigate the scene. Ivory decided after looking around the house that MacDonald made up the story of the killers. He also persuaded everyone that he was the culprit. This meant that everyone in Ivory’s chain... ...t his the evidence in front of a jury. Still believing in his innocence Jeff is filing for parole after fourteen years of eligibility. He is hoping to meet parole board criteria so he can be released on parole. This is a good case to show how it isn’t always the poor, black, or Hispanic groups getting tried for something they haven’t done. It shows that a white doctor could get his life destroyed by an unfair Judge and prosecutors. Works Cited Briscoe, Daren, MacDonald Wants Out. Newsweek, January 24, 2005. Vol. 145, Issue 4, p8, 1/4p, 1c. Retrieved from EBSCO database on the World Wide Web: http://web3.epnet.com/ Briscoe, Daren, The Green Beret Murders Haven’t Given Up. Newsweek, August 30, 2004. Vol. 144, Issue 9, p6, 4/5p, 1c. Retrieved from EBSCO database on the World Wide Web: http://web3.epnet.com/ Http://www.themacdonaldcase.org/case_overview.html Http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/family/jmacdonald/2.html?sect=12 The Associated Press, DNA Tests for Jeffrey MacDonald/ Former Physician Seeks Evidence in 1970 ‘Fatal Vision’ Slayings. Newsday. March 24, 1999. Retrieved from eLibrary on the World Wide Web: http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/

Informational Essay about Lille, France -- essays research papers

Lille Lille is a city in the north of France. Once know as the Manchester of France, because of its old textile mills. In the 1950’s it was a big coal-mining district, but recently the mines have dried up. Lille is most famous for its textiles as well but other countries make fabrics cheaper Lille- a short brief And faster. One of Lille’s main businesses is a mail order company. They are the apparently the best in France. Lille now has many advantages, main motorways that lead to other countries and around France, it has the euro star running through the city. Lille is right by the border of Belgium. Which means many people can travel from Belgium to Lille for work. There are no more borders gates now. The E.U took them away so more people can travel to the city. The modernisation of Lille took about  £90 million pounds. The e.u paid about  £5 million for the motorways. CONTENTS – Page 1 – introduction and contents (your reading it) Page 2 – how Lille has changed Page 3 - businesses of Lille Page 4 – canal map Page 5 – table to show how many workers (inaccurate) Page 6 - conclusion Page 2 – how Lille has changed Lille has changed in many ways, new roads, industries, offices and businesses. The whole conversion of Lille has made a big improvement on the place. More people can get work, more tourism and more people coming to life in the city. The city has wacky buildings, modern shopping centres and a new mail order that is the best in France. Which was converted from an old textile mill. First it just did clothes but now it did all. Because of the new motorways, you can get to anyway in France from Lille. Great for the mail order company to deliver in 24 hours! Because Lille is so n... ...rrocans. Many of them are having big trouble finding jobs, some of been waiting years for one. There are plenty of offices but not enough people want to start up their own buissness or they do but they just haven’t got the money. But if Lille did manage to find some more labour then the city would greatly improve by a great deal. But since the 1950’s Lille has become quite modern. Lille has suffered ww1 because its close to flanders, it has suffered ww2 because it was right on the border belguims where the germans invaded first because they could not get past frances east defences so they went in from the top. The city has suffered revolution and many more but the current one of course is not enough jobs. I think Lille is quite a nice city though. If they play their cards right they could be as famous as their capital, Paris. Well not quite but close to it.

Northern States Power :: essays research papers fc

A leader in today's economic world, Northern States Power (NSP) is recognized for its outstanding performance in both regulated and nonregulated operations. Its regulated operation serves over two million electric and gas customers in Minnesota, Wisconsin, North Dakota, South Dakota, Arizona, and Michigan (NSP - Investor's Overview 1). Its head offices are located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and the Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is Mr. James J. Howard III (Howard 1). Its Viking Gas Transmission Company Subsidiary owns and operates a 500-mile natural gas pipeline (NSP - Investor's Overview 1). Northern States Power is one of the nation's leading energy companies with competitive rates, responsive service, and dependable and reliable energy. A relationship with NSP began's when they sign up for services with them; moreover, when you choose to live in a certain area. Some of the facts about NSP are services/people, profit, rates, and sources of power, standings, first aid/safety, Y2K, merger, and about how they help within the community. In North Dakota, NSP provides service to more than 80,000 electric customers and 30,000 gas customers in Fargo, Grand Forks, Minot, and many surrounding communities (NSP - Northern Dakota 1). They have served in these communities for over 80 years (Northern States Power Energy Wise 2). "By powering the world, NSP brings energy to (Howard 6):" ? The international markets where we do business ? The communities close to home where we contribute time and money ? To customers, who have ever-increasing energy needs and choices ? To employees, who make the energy work ? And finally, to you—the shareholders—who have placed trust in them The 24th straight year in a row to mark growth for NSP was 1998. Northern States Power's common stocks are traded on three different exchanges: New York Stock, Chicago Stock, and Pacific Stock. Its ticker tape symbol is NSP. Newspaper stock tables list NSP Company as NoStPw, NoStPwr, or NSPw (NSP - Investor's Overview's 2). Northern States Power and its subsidiaries reported earning of $52.3 million or 34 cents a share, for the first quarter of 1999. Operating revenue for the quarter was up 6 percent to $743.2 million. Warmer weather, increased maintenance, and Y2K computer work is the cause of the decreased earning (NSP First-quarter). "Advantages to being a registered shareholder are (NSP - Investor's overview 2):" ? Dividend checks are sent directly to you, deposited in the back account you designate, or maybe reinvested in the company as you choose ? You may purchase additional stock (through dividend reinvestment and optional investment plans) with little or no fees ? You may deposit your share certificates with the company for safekeeping if you sign up for the Dividend

Importance of Books in Life Essay

Learning is a significant process in human being life. It is self-evidence that human development can not stand without a good learning. To reach that target, people always search the appropriate ways. Besides, the mains important elements that help people to learn are books and experiences because of their unlimited benefits. The book is a valuable source of knowledge that consists of infinite benefits. It transports us into different worlds and cultures, as well as, it informs us about ancient civilizations and lore. In addition, it helps us to learn about new technologies and literature. It allows speaking languages fluently and to communicate spontaneously. Therefore, the book can be faithful friend and the nearest into us which can guide us to how to behave in our practical life. Our practical life is also, in addition to books, based on experience. This latter is a crucial element that assists to overcome obstacles. Experience keeps our minds aware of the way to solve some problems, for example, if someone re-confront a problem, it would be easy for him/her to solve it. Experience also could indicate to us the suitable method of living in our life. In conclusion, learning is a strong challenge that requires patience and efforts. Books and experiences are the best manners of learning because of their vast importance and great advantages. Books can play a very important role in shaping our life because we can learn lots of things easily from books. Books provide a great solution in front of us to learn about anything and increase our knowledge level. Therefore, large numbers of people around the world read books because they find them very useful. Books are present in our world from many centuries in different forms and shapes of books are changing with time. Today, we can find books in pdf or audio formats as per the need of people. Though, all these books provide same help by increasing our knowledge levels. People can easily buy books from various book stores available in market or they can use online web stores to order bestselling books. Best Answer – Chosen by Voters The importance of reading books is gaining new insight or perspectives on issues that matter to the reader that helps them to have a new understanding of the world around them. Readers can apply the insight in everyday life or as a way of building upon the knowledge that already encompasses their mind and enrich their lives. The importance of books are also found in how new discoveries pertaining to history are uncovered and/or revealed where the relevance of this the new information needs to be applied or amended in what already exists about a particular issue, topic or event. Thus, â€Å"new† books on existing issues are important because sometimes facts â€Å"change. † Books are a tangible, valuable record of our world. Sure we have the internet and computers with vast amounts of information stored in them but all of history isn’t in a computer. History, the stories of civilations long gone and ancient languages forgotten are somewhere in a book. Books are there so you can learn, imagine and sometimes escape from the world around you. There is nothing like sitting down with a new book, the pages crisp and fresh, and reading about a love story, or a horrible murder. Books are an outlet for many people. For some it is their way of expressing their imagination†¦ writers create so we can read and let our minds take us to a different place, a different time, maybe even a different world. For others, books are an escape. When the world gets to be too crazy and you need to escape you can pick up a book and forget about the world around you. Books enables us to see life through other peoples eyes. People are able to communicate their view of the world to a large audience. Books also enables us to understand other cultures, which in turn enables us to relate better with others. Books can have a profound effect on society and the world because they enable an individual to change the world. A single book by a single author can make a huge difference in the whole world. Think ‘Tuesdays with Morrie’, ‘God has a dream’ and you begin to see the role of books in society and why they are important. Books glue people and cultures together. But unfortunately they can also be used to do just the opposite of the above.

Management and Leadership: Military Essay

Introduction Though popular consensus is that management and leadership are interchangeable terms with the same purpose and meaning nothing could be further from the truth. Management can be defined as influencing one or more person’s actions and activities through planning, organizing, leading, controlling and guiding toward accomplishing set goals or objectives. Leadership can be defined as effectively influencing and directing others in a manner that encourages obedience, confidence and loyal team support in accomplishing organizational goals. From these two definitions one might have a subtle hint as to how management and leadership differ. The purpose of this paper is to differentiate between managerial and leadership positions within military organizations, describe the roles that military managers and leaders play in creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture, and explain how the four functions of management support the creation and maintenance of a healthy organizational culture within military organizations. The final discussion will include two recommendations to create and maintain a healthy  organizational culture. Leadership and Management Just as the definitions suggest a distinct deference between management and leadership all military organizations have distinctive positions for management and leadership purposes. Military organizations use a designated ranking structure for the purpose of immediate distinction between management and leadership. Leadership personnel hold the title of officer in all branches of military service. Management personnel hold the title of noncommissioned officer (NCO). While officers are immediately recruited and appointed into the leadership position NCO’s have to earn their title and managerial position in the course of progression through the ranks from private to NCO. Though these two positions differ on many levels each is equally important to military organizational culture. â€Å"A leader is anyone who by virtue of assumed role or assigned responsibility inspires and influences people to accomplish organizational goals† (FM 6-22, 2006). Therefore, an officer’s (leaders) main focus is to motivate soldiers both inside and outside of their immediate chain of command to pursue actions, focus thinking, and shape decisions for the greater good of the organization (FM 6-22, 2006). Officers influence military personnel by setting a personal example (leading by example) on and off duty hours. Officer’s actions have a direct correlation to the amount of influence they will have in conveying purpose and vision, providing direction and motivating others. Being able to convey purpose and vision is important for officers’ to give subordinates the reason to take the necessary steps needed to accomplish missions. Open communication is essential in providing clear direction on how subordinates will go about accomplishing the mission. In order to provide clear direction officers are responsible for prioritizing mission tasks, assigning responsibilities and confirming that subordinates understand all directives given. Motivation is the key to encouraging subordinates to do whatever is necessary to accomplish the mission. An officers’ role in motivation is to understand or get to know as much as  possible about the needs, capabilities or limitations of his or her subordinates to determine what motivates who and personally praise or encourage when necessary. The process of getting subordinates to do whatever is necessary to accomplish the mission falls to the NCO (managers). According to Army Regulation 5-1 (2002) â€Å"management is linked with leadership, just as doctrine, systems, processes, facilities and equipment are connected with the people who use them.† Therefore, NCO’s have the authority to make decisions based on the needs of set missions in accordance with organizational policies. The NCO’s main focus is on daily operations, and immediate subordinate’s actions toward accomplishing set tasks in order to fulfill missions. The NCO’s mission is to provide instruction and supervision over subordinates to ensure tasks are being performed effectively, efficiently and in a timely manner. NCO’s implement the four functions of management in every mission presented. Planning is used to determine a working strategy to accomplish each mission assigned to the division. NCO’s will use organizing to determine how to break down missions into smaller tasks that can be performed over time. Once tasks and timelines have been determined human resources (available manpower) is evaluated according to knowledge and experience to determine who will be most effective on which task then tasks are assigned to individuals or teams. Once teams are assigned work commences and leading begins. NCO’s are responsible for overseeing each team’s daily progress, making on the spot corrections, giving additional instruction, motivating and directing each team to ensure that all projects are going according to schedule and all workers are performing effectively and efficiently toward achieving set goals. When issues arise NCO’s are responsible for controlling situations through risk management, bringing subordinates back on track, on the spot training, enforcing organizational rules and regulations and so forth. Types of controls that are used in any given situation will vary depending on an individual’s leadership or management style. Though leadership and management styles vary depending on individual  preference three specific styles stand out with both officers and NCO’s in military organizations: (1) autocratic, (2) participative and (3) delegating. Bateman and Snell (2007) describe each of these strategies as: Autocratic: leaders and or managers make decisions about what needs to be done at their own discretion then tell subordinates what to do and how they want it done. Participative: leaders and or managers will involve one or more subordinates in the decision making process on specific task planning and organizing. Delegating: leaders or managers will delegate authority to capable subordinates allowing them to make decisions for specific tasks while the leader or manager will still take full responsibility for any decision that was made through delegation. Each style is effective in its own right and in specific circumstances. Officers and NCO’s who use all three styles at different times are more effective than those who just stick to one. Organizational Culture Organizational culture is the basic nature or overall actions and conduct of an organization based on shared values and goals. In order to have a fuller understanding of military organizational culture one would need to grasp military organizational structure. Military organizations use a hierarchical divisional organizational structure. Bateman and Snell (2007) describe a divisional organization structure as â€Å"departmentalization that groups units around products, customers, or geographic regions.† Military divisional organizational structure is based around geographic regions. See Chart 1 for a visual break down of basic military organizational structure. DIVISIONAL ORGANIZATION: BASIC MILITARY ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Chart 1: Divisional Organization: Basic Military Organizational Structure. Notice that the basic structure consists of Officers; NCO’s and subordinates (enlisted soldiers). From the battalion level down to platoons each leader is accompanied by a manager. Information goes down the chain of command while requests go up the chain of command. Military culture is based on strict adherence to the chain of command and company policies i.e. subordinates would have to go through the squad leader and the platoon sergeant to speak to the first sergeant and so forth up the chain. Basic military organizational structure and culture is learned in _basic training_ (boot camp) where new recruits, both officers and enlisted personnel, undergo rigorous physical, mental and emotional training to establish military values and team building experience. Graduates are then separated and sent to _advance individual training_ (AIT) schools to learn specific trade skills. Through shared experiences from basic training new team building experiences develop. Again, graduates are separated and assigned to units based on their field of training. Shared experiences are the foundation for unit cohesiveness among all military personnel. While common experiences may vary they open the path for shared ideas, values, responsibility and perceptions of military uniformity to military organizational culture that guides all military personnel toward achieving common personal and organizational goals throughout their career. Though troops and their families are uprooted and moved from post to post at the needs of the military, sometimes at a moments notice, shared experiences and personal and professional commitment to military values and mission preserve the military organizational culture. Military organizational culture is more than a commitment. Military organizational culture is a way of life for all who dedicate their lives to honor and defend this nation against all enemies, foreign and domestic. Recommendations Military organizational culture is a culture that has stood the test of time decade after decade. Retired war heroes and new recruits all have one thing  in common. Each has a _common bond_ through shared experiences, dedication to military values, mission, ethics, code of conduct and so forth. Young or old, each has dedicated themselves to something bigger than themselves and committed their lives to honor and defend this nation’s freedom at all cost. While military culture has been mocked and scorned by many over the years, much can be learned from such a strong organizational culture. Many failing organizations in today’s challenging business environment would do well to incorporate some of the standards of military organizational culture into their own business. Having _strong core values_ in place is the basis for creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture. Military organizational culture consists of strong core values such as: â€Å"loyalty, duty, respect, selfless service, honor, integrity and courage† (U.S. Army web site, 2008). While some of these values could be considered strictly military oriented all organizations could agree that loyalty, duty, honor and integrity could be considered universal. More companies could and should integrate these types of core values into their mission and values statements to help create and maintain a more healthy organizational culture. Having a _code of conduct_ in place establishes guidelines for acceptable employee behavior which helps create and maintain a healthy organizational culture. Military organizations have established a strong code of conduct which describes separate and military distinctive areas of specific conduct becoming of service members. While the truth is that the military code of conduct is not applicable to civilian organizations all organizations could agree that specific behaviors do exist that are expected of all people within specialized organizations. Therefore, organizations could and should come up with a written policy explaining specific behaviors and actions that are acceptable and expected of all employees. Organizations may even have separate codes of conduct expectations for managers versus employees. The point here is to have an established and acceptable pattern of behavior for all employees to follow in order help maintain an overall healthy organizational culture. Conclusion From the research presented one can conclude that distinct differences between leaders and managers do exist. Leaders mainly focus on inspiring and motivating individuals toward accomplishing set goals. Managers mainly focus on motivating individuals through planning, organizing, leading and controlling functions of management. Based on these descriptions the main difference between management and leadership would be the method used to motivate individuals to accomplish goals. Though organizational structures may differ from one organization to the next organizational structure does help set the foundation for organizational culture. Organizational culture sets the tone for organizational success through shared experiences, values, beliefs and behaviors. Though many theories exist for creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture each organization must come up with standards i.e. core values, code of ethics and so on that are unique and attainable to that particular organization based on specific needs i.e. values, mission and purpose. References Army Regulation 5-1. (2002). Management: Total Army Quality Management. Retrieved July 11, 2008, from http://www.hqda.army.mil/leadingchange/Army%20Policies/r5-1.pdf Bateman T., and Snell S., (2007), Management: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World (7th Ed.), McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, NY. FM 6-22. (2006). Army Leadership: Competent, Confident, and Agile. Retrieved July 10, 2008 http://usacac.army.mil/cac/cal/FM6_22.pdf U.S. Army web site. (2008). U.S. Army: Training and Doctrine Command. Retrieved July 15, 2008, from http://www.tradoc.army.mil/

BDO Cash Management Essay

BDO Cash Management Solutions provide a diverse range of financial solutions that can be customized to meet even your most demanding and complex financial needs. With BDO, you have cash management solutions you never thought possible. The BDO services at your disposal: Payables Solutions Integrated Disbursement Solutions – Provides greater efficiency by consolidating all payment transactions Payroll – Maximizes the convenience of paying employees’ salaries, benefits and incentives Check Disburse – Streamlines and customizes your check printing and preparation Government Payments – Gives you convenience in paying various government agencies using BDO’s Online Banking Service Receivables Solutions Auto-Debit Arrangement – Simplifies and ensures on-time collection of receivables Bills Payment Facility – Efficiently facilitates collection and consolidation of payments from your clients through BDO’s various channels Cash & Check Deposit Pick Up – Provides peace of mind by securing your collection by utilizing armored cars or authorized couriers Post Dated Checks Warehousing – Offers safe and automated management of future-dated check collections Point Of Sale Terminals – Cost effective and efficient alternative to cash-based collections At BDO, we know you have banking needs that can be vastly different from others’ and minutely specific to your operations. This is the compelling reason why we have put together a diverse range of banking products and services to provide the best solution possible for your specific banking need. Currently, BDO’s Cash Management Solutions offers 18 products to serve the cash management needs of over 7,000 clients. The effectiveness of CMS can be seen in its average annual growth of 20% and P130 million average annual growth. Our track record has also gained the recognition and respect of foreign banks as many have made BDO their preferred partner to service their clients in the Philippines. Dedicated support groups, including the Operations team, the Implementation team and IT group work together to provide seamless service solutions you probably never thought were possible. — Copyright @ https://www.bdo.com.ph/business/cash-management

Through a Different Perspective

Asian and Asian American culture are historically known for having a strict, distinctive boundary between the traditional roles of women and men, where, In the domestic sphere, women are submissive to male authority figures, which are typically embodied in the father or husband. One well known example that calls to mind this subordination of women to men is China's one-child policy, which often leads to ill treatment, abandonment or leaving up for adoption of female infants and children as a result of wanting a male child to lead the family and carry on the family name.While this might be a more extreme result of this stereotype, there are many other similar historical stereotypes that subordinate the woman to the man In Asian and Aslant American culture. Regardless of historical stereotypes, however, It Is clear to many individuals today that times are changing and causing culture to shift. One accessible way of highlighting the degree to which Asian and Asian American culture has c hanged from past to present is through film.Alice Wow's Saving Face and Ketene Meat's Spices note a number of historical stereotypes, but more importantly, they pen up dialogue about the slightly functions of female and male roles. Through the combination of symbol and metaphor, setting and situation, and most Importantly, contrast between traditional and non-traditional, Alice Www and Ketene Meta enable a different understanding of Asian and Asian American femininity and masculinity in their respective films, Saving Face and Spices.Several historical stereotypes characterize traditional Asian and Asian American culture; Alice Www and Ketene Meta address these stereotypes and more. Many historical stereotypes of Aslant and Asian American culture revolve around the way a Oman should act in and outside of marriage and the way In which her Individual role contributes to the identity of a given cultural or familial group. Both Www and Meta present the traditional heterosexual married co uple where the husband's word is comparable to law.In Saving Face, Www provides the grandparents and although the grandmother can offer her input and opinion to her husband, when it comes to serious matters like kicking out their daughter as a result of an illegitimate child, which goes against another stereotype, the grandfather's decision holds fast. In pieces, Meta presents Sarasota and the mukluk, where the authority of the husband's word is even more evident.Stereotypically, the wife and husband are also either fairly close in age or the husband is older. Other obvious historical stereotypes relate to how a woman should act in general. According to stereotypical Asian and Asian American culture, the woman should dress femininely and be passive and non- defiant, not only to the dominant male figure In her life, but In general as well. Historically, women could not receive an education either.Altogether, this creates the tropically impression of an Asian or Asian American woman w ith little or no personal identity, but rather an identity where she blends into the cultural group she is a part of. Historical stereotypes of Asian and Asian American men revolve around his status as an authority figure in the family. He generally has a very dominant and controlling point of view and way of interacting with his family. By addressing these points historical stereotypes both directly and Indirectly and combining them with Asian American femininity and masculinity.Through setting and situation, Www and Meta heighten the contrast between satirical stereotype and changing times, thus allowing viewers to experience dynamic characters who change and come to exemplify transgressing individuals, as opposed to having only static characters that are stuck in a historically stereotypical mentality. Saving Face is set in what seems to be modern day New York, where diversity in all forms is represented. The openness of thought in this setting creates all sorts of situations tha t are starkly different from traditional Asian and Asian American stereotypes, which shy in comparison in the film.For example, the introduction of an African American best friend in the form of Jay, which the mother meets and initially Judges close-minded because of his differing race turns into a situation later on in the film where the two of them are sitting side by side on the couch sharing the experience of an Asian television show. There are also more subtle situations where anti-stereotypical, and even transgressing, thought is expressed.Another such example is the instance when the grandmother mentions how Wig's more masculine attire is fine for a woman. These situations and similar ones pugnaciously give viewers a different understanding of how times are changing, especially in relation to Asian and Asian American femininity and masculinity, thus opening up viewers' thoughts to other, more transgressing situations like LIGHT issues surrounding Wig's official coming out and her acceptance into her family, as well as the idea of an illegitimate child to a much younger man.In a setting full of diversity like that in Saving Face, the unique characteristics of each individual are heightened, thus eventually giving Will the â€Å"validated[ion] for both [her] ethnic and lesbian/gay densities† and a â€Å"sense of social belonging and group cohesion† that Connie S. Chain notes are usually afforded as a result of coming out (Chain, 241).Proof of this success of both sexual and ethnic identity comes at the end of the film where the dance party, a common part of the Asian American community represented in the film, accommodates all the transgressors and accepts them, ultimately dismissing those who do not accept them by having them leave the party. In contrast, the setting of Meat's Spices is one of rigidity and at its most basic level, uniformity. It is set in sass India, a period of British colonialism, which enforces the ideas of oppression an d fear of resistance (Shores, April 9, 2014).This setting makes any type of resistance all the more outlandish and outrageous, thus drawing attention to the transgressing women and men in the film and the way in which they struggle to break historical stereotypes and gender norms. The setting of the film allows for the placement of the â€Å"all-powerful Subdued†, who exemplifies not only overbearing characteristics of colonialism, but more generally speaking, the sexual dominance of the Asian man over the Asian woman (Shores, 251).The Much plays a similar role but really expounds upon the domestic dominance an Asian or Asian American husband stereotypically has over his wife. To contrast these static characters who continue to represent these aspects throughout the duration of the film, Meta introduces transgressing men such as Master's and ABA Mania who both have more enlightened ways of thinking in comparison to the other male characters. The stark difference in these two different sets of men, again, highlights the more of Asian and Asian American femininity and masculinity.In terms of female ranginess, this is even more evident than male transgression because of the way in which females are naturally expected to be non-defiant, especially towards the men of power in their family and in the community they are a part of. In a way, Meta uses this play on power between the Subdued and Sinbad to empower Sinbad more. If â€Å"the Subdued wants Sinbad because of her defiance† and if â€Å"her resistances is a power that excites him,† Meta suggests that a woman who is not completely submissive is more desirable than one who is because of the way she can more equally challenge a male counterpart (Shores, 250).Similarly, Meta empowers Shirtwaist by giving her acts of transgression real purpose. Each of her transgressions from putting her daughter into school, to kicking the Much out of their house, to leading the protest against the Subdued and her husband are followed by strong protests, and even violence, from her husband, thus emphasizing the true strength and ability of a female through persistent resistance and the effect it has on the dominant male figure in her life.If a woman's role were to really be passive and unimportant, the man's word to the public would be final and the woman loud either be literally or figuratively silenced, however the Much constantly brings up the way in which her actions continually affect his political and communal appearance, thus depicting the existence of a permanent voice. While the settings of each of the films more directly set the tone for enabling a different understanding of Asian and Asian American femininity and masculinity, symbols and metaphor enhance this understanding on a more subconscious level.In Saving Face, Www constantly brings in the image of the face, both clear and unobstructed as well as partially hidden from view (Shores, April 2, 2014). The title even mentions the face as well. This constant symbol of the face suggests personal identity and in terms of this film, alludes to an identity not based solely on either sexuality or ethnicity, but rather a cohesion of â€Å"ethnic and lesbian/gay identities† (Chain, 241). The recurrence of the image of the face hints at the importance of individual identity, especially for what would be transgressors of historical stereotypes.There is a constant reminder about the image one gives to the public and the way it differs from one's true self. A symbol that enhances a different understanding in Spices, is the symbol, or trope, of the chili pepper. The chili peppers â€Å"symbolize women's sexuality,† but more importantly, they not only â€Å"offer a literal and metaphoric form of resistance,† but also come to symbolize the power of colonialism and violent dominance in general because of their blood red color (Shores, 247).The scenes where Sinbad runs through and over the chili pep pers and falls down symbolizes the success of colonialism and the way in which it has led to the overcoming of not only villages as a whole, but also the women themselves. At the name time, however, Sinbad gets up and continues to run over the chili peppers, showing how colonialism and oppression are overcome.By the end of the film, it is the very symbol of colonialism and violence that causes the women to come together in resistance against the Subdued, thus showing how colonialism and oppression become the very reason and purpose behind resistance, essentially acting as a spearhead against whoever imposes those things to begin with. In a more literal way become the literal weapons against the Subdued, who â€Å"embodies the colonizers power† (Shores, 249).Through this change in purpose of the symbol of chili peppers as a result of the unification of transgressing thought personified in Sinbad, Shirtwaist, ABA Mania, and the women who eventually come to use the ground up chi li powder as a weapon, viewers come to a subconscious realization of a different understanding of Asian and Asian American femininity and masculinity and the way in which this understanding is truly sculpted at the hands of those who are oppressed as they come to face and conquer their oppressors.Alice Www and Ketene Meta use these various strategies and more in their exceptive films, Saving Face and Spices to enable a different understanding of Asian and Asian American femininity and masculinity. By enabling these different understandings, they break historical stereotypes of Asian and Asian American women and men and empower females in a way that gives them a starkly different image than what is commonly attributed to them.